Powers of police under Code of Criminal Procedure

Powers of Police are very wide and are based on two main functions of Police. These functions are Maintaining of Law and Order and Investigation of illegal activities. The Police Act defines Police as an instrument for prevention and detection of Crime.[i] The Police define most of its powers from the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the Police Act, 1861. Following are some of the Powers of Police;

Powers of Police to Investigate

The Investigation of Police starts when;

• When someone lodges an FIR(First Information Report).[ii]
• When a Police officer suspects commission of a cognizable offense.[iii]
• Whenever a competent magistrate orders the Police.[iv]

The Police have the power to investigate Cognizable as well as Non-Cognizable offenses.[v] Police officers can investigate Cognizable offenses without the magistrate’s orders. If a Police officer suspects the commission of a cognizable offense, he has the power to investigate under s 157 without the filing of FIR.[vi] Police also have the power to require the presence of witnesses in order to pursue an investigation. Males under 15 years and over 60 years of age, females, or mentally/physically disabled persons shall not be required to attend as a witness except for their residences.[vii] Police can examine these witnesses as well.[viii] Police also has the power to conduct a medical examination of rape victims.[ix]

Powers of Police to Arrest

Police have the power to arrest the persons as well. The Police can make the arrests for both Cognizable as well as Non-cognizable offenses. For non-cognizable offenses, a Police officer has no authority to arrest a person without warrant. However, a Police officer can arrest a person without a warrant for Cognizable offenses.[x] In case of adequate grounds, the magistrate may extend the period of detention to 15 days. Also, the Police have the power to release the accused in case of lack of evidence.[xi]

Power of Preventive Arrest

The preventive arrest is the detaining of a person who is likely to commit an offense. It is a highly debated topic all over the world. In India, s 107 and s 151 of CrPC give the powers of Police for preventive detention mainly. In case an Executive Magistrate recieves information that a person is likely to commit a breach of peace, he may order him to show cause. The magistrate may also order him to execute a bond to keep peace in such period.[xii] It is the duty of the Police to prevent Cognizable offenses.[xiii] Also, the Police have the power to arrest a person without a warrant or an order from the magistrate in cases they have knowledge that such person is planning to commit a cognizable offense.[xiv]

Though, the Police can only make the arrest if it is the only way to prevent such offense. The idea behind these provisions is to avert the commission of an offense. The constitutional validity of these Sections has always been in controversy. Many persons have filed petitions questioning the validity of the provisions of the preventive arrest.[xv] In a case, certain landowners of MP were protesting after being affected by the Sardar Sarovar Project. Even though they posed no threat to commit cognizable offenses but were still beaten up and arrested. The Court held that this was in violation of Article 21 of the Constitution.[xvi] However, s 151 already mentions the grounds of the arrests. Also, preventive arrest laws are given legal recognition under the Constitution of India.[xvii] So, these provisions cannot be said to be in violation of Articles 21 and 22.[xviii]

Read Also: Everything You Need to Know About Criminal Law In India

Abuse of Powers of Police under Preventive Arrest

There have been many instances when these powers have been misused by the Police as well. This was because of the arbitrary and unjust use of these powers. In a case, the persons arrested under s 107 and 151 were not given a chance to be heard for 6 days. The case was tried without any scrutiny under issue. And, no order was issued under s 111 of the CrPC. The Karnataka HC held that this process was arbitrary and unjust as the Police didn’t follow proper procedure.[xix]

In the case of Ahmed Noormohmed Bhatti v State of Gujarat[xx], it was suggested that the guidelines given for the detainees must be followed in cases of Preventive arrests as well. The Court gave these guidelines in the case of D K Basu v State of West Bengal. The Court also held that a provision is not unreasonable or unconstitutional because of arbitrary exercise of it by the authorities. Proper scrutiny of each case is to be done to determine whether the arrest is unconstitutional or not.

Conclusion

Police is an important part of a healthy society. We always remember Police first when we are in trouble or under a threat. The powers of the Police are invested in them to have a smooth and healthy society. But, they ultimately have a duty to protects the rights and interests of the individuals. Due to this, they must use their powers with the utmost care and caution. The author notes that there are many instances where the Police have misused these provisions and there should be a proper check on these practices.

[i] The Police Act 1861, preamble.

[ii] Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, s 154.

[iii] ibid, s 157(1), 156(1).

[iv] Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, s 156(3).

[v] ibid, s 155, 156.

[vi] State of Maharashtra v Sarangdharsingh Shivdassingh Chavan (2011) 1 SCC 577.

[vii] Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, s 160.

[viii] ibid, s 161.

[ix] Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, s 164A.

[x] ibid, s 2(c), 2(l).

[xi] Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, s 169.

[xii] ibid, s 107.

[xiii] Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, s 149.

[xiv] ibid, s 151.

[xv] ‘Role of Police and its power to Investigate’ (Lawnn, 14 February 2017) <https://lawnn.com/role-police-power-investigate/> accessed 12 December 2018.

[xvi] Medha Patkar v State (2011) 8 SCC 55.

[xvii] Constitution of India 1950, a 22.

[xviii] Ahmed Noormohmed Bhatti v State of Gujarat (1999) SCC (Cri) 1014.

[xix] Sathi Sundaresh v The State PSI of Moodigere 2007 (4) CrLJ 649.

[xx] Supra Note xviii.

Section 304 a – Death by Negligence : Law and Legality

Indian Penal Code: Section 304A

India’s criminal system follows the Indian Penal Code in matters of dealing with crime. The framework of IPC governs crime with justice and punishment. Owing to the influence of English Law, the original Indian Penal Code had provisions for culpable homicide under Section 299. Section 299 deals with any act or bodily injury caused by any person with an intention of causing death. Section 304 of IPC deals with the provision of culpable homicide not amounting to murder. This section involves crimes perpetrated with the knowledge of causing death but without any intention of doing the same.

The original Penal Code did not have any provision for dealing with death caused by negligence.  In 1870,  Act 27 of the Indian Penal Code added Section 304 a and b as an amendment. The following article is going to discuss Section 304 (a) under IPC in detail.

Section 304(a) states as follows:

“Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or both.”

Any act under Section 304(a) is a bailable offence under the IPC. In such a case, the Court allows the defendant to make bail by paying a surety amount along with a bail bond at the police station. This offence is also compoundable which means that the plaintiff and the defendant can reach an agreement between themselves through their counsel and avoid trial. This often occurs in cases involving powerful Companies who would settle instead of going through a public trial.

Negligent Homicide: The Parameters of Law

The law sets parameters but also keeps spaces open for interpretation because each case has a different context.  Section 304(a) uses the words “rash or negligent act” as the deciding elements to charge any person under this section Therefore it is important to understand these terms and its various connotations.

Firstly, the Act being mentioned above should be causa causans,i.e, the primary cause of death and not merely causa sine qua non,i.e, an indirect act. Therefore, the relationship between the act and the death or injury resulted by it should be direct for the plaintiff to win the case.

Secondly,  there is a difference in the responsibility of the defendant vis-i vis the plaintiff between a negligent act and a rash act. A negligent act is a breach of duty that causes harm/damage to another person unintentionally. On the contrary, a rash act is the culmination of overhasty decisions and recklessness on the part of the defendant.

Thirdly,  a rash act is generally a criminal act. A negligent act could be civil or criminal depending on the gravity and the nature of the crime along with the degree of intention or lack thereof in a particular case.

Types of Negligence

There could be many ways of partaking in criminal negligence. There are two major criteria that come to the forefront while discussing Criminal Negligence:

Medical Negligence

Medical negligence is a breach of duty on the part of the defendant who has a legal as well as a moral duty to look after his/her patient. The act of “Negligence” is open to interpretation based on the actions of the defendant in each case. A medical practitioner is liable for negligence if he/she deviates from “the standard treatment” recommended for taking care of his/her patient causing death or injury of the patient. A medical practitioner can be a doctor as well as a nurse. Medical negligence cases can be civil as well if the hospital as a whole is held accountable for malpractice. For instance, using faulty equipment or expired medicines in the hospital.

Motor Vehicle Accidents

The incident of a motor vehicle crash leading to the death of people will not be enough to charge someone under Section 304(a) for negligent driving. The charge of criminally negligent driving requires the driver to be solely or entirely responsible for the accident because of their negligence or rashness. This, however, requires interpretation on part of the court; taking into account the level of rashness and deliberation in an action that led to an accident. The court has to take into account that if one decides to drive under influence, they are aware of the consequences of their decision. The court also has to take into account the degree of damage done by undertaking that reckless decision.

Corporate Negligence

In matters of corporate negligence, a Company is liable under Section 304(a) if it takes any action that injures their consumers, creates an unsafe environment for their employees or cheats their shareholders.  Some of the crimes that come under corporate negligence cases are:

• air and water pollution caused by industries;
• adulteration of food by food companies;
• involving themselves in different lobbies for their own profit by exchanging money with political parties;
• releasing confidential information without permission;
• recording personal conversations and breaching privacy;
• harming or cheating the shareholders’ out of their profit.

The burden of Proof and Defense against Section 304(a)

In claims of negligence, it is extremely important to prove that there was indeed a breach of duty. In many cases of medical negligence, the professional might make a decision based on the complicated nature of the case presented to him/her. The burden of proof lies with the doctor to prove that they behaved in a reasonable way only in the interest of the patient.

The other arguments on which the defendant relies are as follows:

• contributory negligence: proving there was negligence on the part of the plaintiff;
• inevitable accident: proving that the death or injury caused was inevitable depending on the circumstances of the action;
• dangerous recreational activity: proving that the plaintiff’s injury is a result of partaking in a dangerous recreational activity like drugs. In such a case, the defendant will not be liable for any damages.
• illegal activity– proving that both the plaintiff and the defendant were engaged in an illegal business when the plaintiff was injured. This renders the case void.

In civil negligence cases, the burden of proof lies with the plaintiff to prove that there was a breach of duty by the Company/Corporate. The breach of duty has to directly damage the plaintiff. In the case of powerful Companies, the plaintiffs should be ready to show concrete proof, including reliable testimonies and documents to reach a favourable verdict.

Section 304a IPC: Judgements

Some of the landmark judgements in cases related to Section 304(a) IPC:

 Jacob Mathew v State of Punjab [ANR 2005]

The plaintiffs, in this case, were the family of Jivan Lal who was admitted and died in CMC Hospital, Ludhiana. The two doctors who attended the deceased were Jacob Matthew and Allen Joseph. The doctors had to face the charge of criminal negligence. The plaintiffs claimed negligence on the doctor’s part while procuring oxygen cylinder for their father. The defence argued that the patient was at the last stage of cancer. He was not supposed to be admitted to any hospital in lieu of his degrading health.

The Supreme Court argued in favour of the doctors stating that the plaintiff must prove that the medical professionals acted “in disregard of the life and safety of the patient.” A medical professional cannot be held liable if they are following the accepted procedure of medical practice. They cannot be reprimanded for not using an alternative method that might or might not have brought the desired result. They can only be charged in either of the two conditions

• if they do not possess the skill to match their profession.
• if they did not show reasonable competence while discharging their duty; the standard set here would be of an ordinary competent person.

Somabhai Mangalbhai Dabhi vs State of Gujarat [1988]

The Session Judge convicted the accused of the death of a 10-year-old girl. He was charged under section 304 (a) of IPC for the negligent driving of a motor bus. The defence claimed that the girl entered the road out of nowhere. There was insufficient evidence of the girl coming out of nowhere and also the fact that the driver was driving on the wrong side. Therefore, the sessions court sentenced the accused with two years of Rigorous Imprisonment (RI) along with 500 rupees fine. The Supreme court did allow probation after regarding the context of the case.

Conclusion

The provision of Section 304(a) under the IPC is important to offer a measure of justice to the claimants. It might give them some closure or at the very least compensate them if there has been a breach of duty that led to irreversible damage or loss of life/property.

304A IPC BAILABLE304A IPC JUDGMENTS304A IPC PUNISHMENT

How to file a case on instances of sexual harassment at workplace

Sexual harassment in the workplace is one of the biggest problems which has started to increase as the corporate culture has begun to flourish. Anyone can be a harasser, and anyone can be a victim. It is insignificant as to who commits the offense. It could be a manager, co-worker, or even a non-employee like a client, contractor, or vendor. If the person’s conduct creates a hostile work environment or interrupts an employee’s success, is considered sexually harassing. An act which may amount to sexual harassment may vary from a sexually colored involuntary encounter with a senior employee of colleague, winking, whistling inappropriate touch or similar behavior. An act of a senior employee asking for a non-consented sexual favor from the junior employee, in lieu of promotion in the job, falls in the category of sexual harassment at the workplace.

To govern such actions and create a healthy working environment for women, Supreme Court of India, in the landmark case of Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan to fill the legislative vacuum laid down Vishaka Guidelines for the protection of women from sexual harassment at workplace. Later an act was passed by the legislature named, Protection of Women from Sexual harassment at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.

As per the rules governing sexual harassment at workplace, it is compulsory for all organizations with 10 or more workers to constitute an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) for registration of complaints relating to sexual harassment and take action against the guilty employer or employee. Constitution of ICC is a legal right, and in case the workplace is refusing to constitute the same, they can be legally penalized.

The constituted ICC can file a complaint against the incident of sexual harassment at your workplace. A complaint must constitute the following details.

1. Name of the person by whom the complaint is filed.
2. The date on which the incident of sexual harassment took place
3. The time when the incident happened
4. Description of the incident or inappropriate behavior
5. Name of the person accused of sexual harassment
6. Working relationship between the victim and accused.

The complaint with the details mentioned above must be filed within three months of sexual harassment incident, with full confidentiality and speedy process. This sexual harassment complaint can be filed by anyone irrespective of gender. Lodging of an internal complaint with the ICC does not cease the right of the victim to lodge a criminal complaint against the colleague or employer. Reply to the complaint must be filed by the accused within ten days. An inquiry has to be completed within 90 days. The final report generated thereof must be submitted to the Employer or District officer within ten days. The Employer or the District Office has to act on recommendations within 60 days. In addition to this, if the victim or accused is not satisfied with the recommendations of the ICC or LCC (Local Compliant Committee), a further appeal can be filed before a tribunal or a court.

In the case of  Apparel Export Promotion Council vs A.K. Chopra placed before the SC of India, Accused mentioned that the penalty on him was harsh and disproportionate to the charge leveled against him. It was concluded by the research that the accused had not actually molested the victim, but had only tried to assault her and had not made any physical contact with her. On this, the Staff Committee observed that no lenient view would be justified in a case of molestation of a woman employee when the charge was fully proved. Any sympathetic action in such a situation would have a demoralizing effect on working women. One of the judges from the bench, in this case, remarked that they would not wait for a girl to be raped and then the charges of sexual harassment could be logged. Hence the charges levied on the accused are reasonable and not disproportionate.

Apart from the complaint mechanism, the employer can take another recourse such as Criminal proceedings and Disciplinary action.

Know More:  Sexual Harassment at Workplace

Under Criminal proceedings, as per Vishakha Guidelines, when the conduct of accused amount to a specific offense under IPC or any other law, the employer shall initiate appropriate actions in accordance with the law. Attention must be paid to ensure that victim or witnesses are not victimized or discriminated against while dealing with the complaints of sexual harassment. Following are the specific provisions of Indian Penal Code, that can be applied in a sexual harassment case thereby making it a criminal complaint.

Section 294, talks about the obscene act in public place.

Section 354, embodies the provision when whosever assaults or uses criminal force on any women, intending to outrage her modesty.

Section 509 holds that whosoever intending to insult the modesty of women, utters any word, makes any sound or gesture or exhibits any object or intrudes upon the privacy of such women. The same shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.

In addition to the aforementioned recourses, when such conduct amounts to misconduct in employment as defined by the relevant service rules, appropriate disciplinary action must be initiated by the employer in accordance with the rules.

A civil suit can be filed for damages under tort laws. That is, the basis for filing the case would be mental anguish, physical harassment, loss of income and employment caused by sexual harassment.

Developments in Section 376 of IPC

Scope of Section 376 of IPC

Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code deals with the Punishment for rape and this particular has undergone various amendments to meet the requisites of the society. It attempts at deterring such criminal offenders by instilling a sense of fear in them. Unfortunately looking at the rate of crimes against women, we cannot totally agree to the fact that such legal provisions have relieved women. In this article, we shall be analyzing section 376 along with the amendments it has undergone over time.

Section 376 before Amendments:

• Subsection 1 deals with the punishment for rape of a woman in all circumstances except the ones mentioned under Section 376(2). The punishment in such cases was rigorous imprisonment for a period not less than 7 years and which may be extended to imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine.
• Subsection 2 deals with the punishment for the rape of a woman committed by police officers, public servants, member of armed forces, etc. The punishment is a period of not less than 10 years which may extend to imprisonment for life i.e. imprisonment for the remainder of his life and shall also be liable to fine.

The Rape Laws underwent a change in 2013 after the brutal Delhi Gang Rape Case (Nirbhaya Rape Case). The nation-wide spread outrage over the brutal Gang rape in the Capital City which eventually led to the death of the Physiotherapy intern became the driving force behind the passing of the Criminal Law Amendment act 2013. The Act increased the ambit of the term “Rape” as mentioned under Section 375 of IPC.

Criminal Law (Amendment) Act of 2013:

The Act came into force on the 3^rd of February 2013. It inserted 4 clauses (376 A TO 376 D) in Section 376 taking into consideration cases where the injury inflicted on women during Rape can get them in a permanent vegetative state.

1. 376 A– Whoever, commits an offence punishable under sub-section (1) or subsection (2) of section 376 and in the course of such commission inflicts an injury which causes the death of the woman or causes the woman to be in a persistent vegetative state, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term of minimum twenty years, but which may extend to imprisonment for life i.e. imprisonment for the remainder natural life of the offender, or with death.
2. 376 B– Whoever has sexual intercourse with his wife, living separately, whether under a decree of separation or otherwise, without her consent, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term of minimum 2 years which may even extend to 7 years and will also be liable to fine.
3.  376 C–  Whoever, being:

•   In a position of authority or in a fiduciary relationship; or
•  A public servant; or
•  Superintendent or manager of a jail, remand home or other places of custody established by or under any law for the time being in force, or a women’s or children’s institution; or
• On the management of a hospital or being on the staff of a hospital, abuses such position or fiduciary relationship to induce or seduce any woman either in his custody or under his charge or present in the premises to have sexual intercourse with him, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment of either description for a term of minimum 5 years which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine.

4.  376 D– Where a woman is raped by one or more persons constituting a group or acting in furtherance of a common intention, each of those persons shall be deemed to have committed the offence of rape and shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term of minimum 20 years but which may extend to life which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of that person’s natural life, and with fine: Keeping in mind that such fine shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim.

Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018

This Act came into force on the 21^st of April 2018. It intended to amend the subsections of Section 376 and also insert a few clauses. In subsection 1 of Section 376, it substituted the 7-year imprisonment with rigorous imprisonment of minimum 10 years which may extend to life imprisonment. Moreover, Section 376 had only 2 subsections and this Act inserted another subsection which stated that whoever commits rape on a woman below 16 years shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment of minimum 20 years which may extend to imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine.

Read Also: Child Sexual Abuse in India

Further an additional Section 376 AB was inserted after 376 A and it laid down that “Whoever commits rape on a woman below 12 years shall be subjected to rigorous imprisonment of minimum 20 years which may even extend to imprisonment for life, and with fine or with death.” The fine imposed should be reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim.

Then Section 376 DA was added after 376 D and it stated “When a woman below 16 years is raped by 1 or more persons constituting a group or acting in furtherance of a common intention, each of such persons shall be deemed to have committed the offense of rape and shall be punished with imprisonment for life, and with fine.

Conclusion:

The various Amendments have made an attempt to bring about significant changes in the country but the implementation of such acts on the land has remained lousy. Another issue which continues to be overlooked by our legislators is Marital Rape and unfortunately, none of these Amendment Acts have acknowledged it as a crime. Hence we see Stringent Legislation is required for overall protection of women from outsiders as well as their family members.

Criminal Investigation Department – Powers

Introduction To Criminal Investigation Department

Contrary to popular belief, CID or the Criminal Investigation Department is a real and existing department within the Indian Police forces. However, it is not as dramatic as its media counterpart. The Criminal Investigation Department of a state serves as the intelligence or investigation wing for the respective state police forces. Moreover, It aids the police in dealing with certain types of cases. In short, it is an advanced version of the State Police Department. As said above, intelligence and investigation are two core function of any CID in a state. 

Functions of CID

As codified in Section – 410 of the Jharkhand/Bihar Police Manual; CID has several functions to execute. Such functions are distinct as of the Police Department’s function. Following are the functions of CID:-

Core Activities

• The collection of distribution of information relating to professional cases and classes of crime detailed below:-

1. dacoity;
2. highway, railway or mail robbery;
3. counterfeiting coin or stamps, forging notes, uttering of being in possession of counterfeit coins or stamps or forged notes;
4. drugging of poisoning by professional poisoners;
5. Swindling;
6. action against criminal gangs such as cases, under section 400 and 401, IPC and proceedings under sections 109 and 110, Cr.P.C.
7. professional criminals whose operations extend beyond the limits of a single district;
8. Such crimes about whom Inspector-General gives special orders.

• To control, advise or assists as circumstances require, in inquiries or investigations into crimes mentioned above. Moreover, in serious crimes where local authority seeks the help of CID with the approval of inspector general or Government of the state. Also, CID helps to inquire about the movements of foreign criminals and about such matters in which local police asks for help.
• In cases where crime includes forgery of telegraphic of railway receipts, postal frauds, the movements of foreign criminals and the like, the assistance of the department may be invoked or directed.

Investigating Squads and Offices

• CID sets up Specialized squads for investigation of cases. Officers in every squad investigate the cases connected with squads. The squads shall be of following types:-

1. Cheating and defalcation squad.
2. Forged note and counterfeiting squad.
3. Murder squad.
4. Railway Crime squad (see Rule 680)
5. Eve teasing prevention squad

• To do the work efficiently, the department requires certain types of offices. Whereas, such offices help in deducing the collected data to reach the conclusion. The following offices are attached to the department:–

1. Finger Print Bureau (Chapter 16),
2. Laboratory ( Appendix 25),
3. Photo Bureau ( Appendix 22),
4. Dog Squad ( Appendix 83) whose branches can be set up in other districts also,
5. Missing Persons Bureau ( Appendix 81), and
6. Juvenile Aid Bureau ( Appendix 82)

Powers of CID

In the dynamic environment, people are developing with every second passing. And they always come up with a new way of crime. For example, Advancement in technology resulted in Cyber Crime. Nevertheless, technology helps in achieving goals which were impossible earlier. Hence, it directly results in an increase in the complexity of crime and working conditions. Apart from all the functions of the Criminal Investigation Department, certain other powers are provided. Such powers of the Criminal Investigation Department are as follows:-

1. CID has the power to investigate, detect, and prosecute certain types of cases. Such cases are entrusted by the Government and Deputy General of Police.
2. It can conduct inquiries as per laid down procedure in prescribed situations i.e Civil or Criminal procedure code of India.
3. CID maintains data, updates crime and criminal information system. They also plan and organize criminal intelligence system. Moreover, they have also the power of maintaining records.
4. CID coordinates the investigation of related matters in the State with other States and National Institutions/Organizations. It also deals with crime investigation and maintenance of crime & criminal records.
5. Efficient, professional and independent functioning of SCRB ( State Crime Record Bureau), FPB (Finger Print Bureau) and their modernization.
6. In certain cases, CID advise, assist and report to Deputy General of Police and Government regarding the matters concerning investigation and prosecution.
7. CID gives information to Parliament and Assembly regarding crime on behalf of State Police. However, except that information which is purely administrative in nature.
8. In cases relating to Human trafficking, CID launches rescue operations and attend to post-rescue victim care and protection in coordination with the NGOs.
9. Maintains Database in r/o cases under trial, court disposals and court orders.
10. Also, they Examine and report on judgments given by subordinate courts for filing appeals.

Conclusion

With all the discussion above, we can say that CID is an important part of the state. However, its work is mostly behind the scenes. The functions of CID are as important as of the police department. However, in certain areas, where the police department has no authority, CID has the authority to control. Also, the power to maintain records of serious crime-criminal is a distinct feature of CID.